Glossary · Web3

What is blockchain?

A blockchain is a shared ledger, copied across many computers, in which records are grouped into blocks linked by cryptography, so past entries cannot be changed without everyone noticing. Public blockchains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum are open to anyone; private ones are run by a known group.

Also called: distributed ledger

Why it matters

A blockchain is useful when several organisations need one record they all trust but none of them owns, such as a supply chain or a register of documents or rights. For data inside one company, a normal database is faster, cheaper and easier to correct. Describe who writes what to the register first, then choose the network.

1How it worksNodes check each new block against agreed rules before adding it; changing an old block would break every link after it.
2Public or privatePublic chains are open to anyone; private or permissioned chains limit who can write, which suits regulated data.
3What not to storePersonal data does not belong on a public chain: keep only a hash on-chain and the data itself on a server in Kazakhstan.
ExampleA meat processor in Kostanay sells abroad, and buyers want proof of origin and cold-chain records. Each batch gets an ID; slaughter, processing and shipping events are kept in the company’s system, and a fingerprint of each record is anchored on a blockchain. Buyers scan a code and can check that nothing was edited afterwards.
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